How solar panels work and how they work
Title: Alternative sources 
The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy. It can be used through fire on the darveta or polluted with water in solar heaters, turning the received fuel into electricity. But the name of the device, which converts the faint light directly into electricity. Tova sa slanchevi panels.
containment: 1. Girth per application 2. Principle for action 3. Advantages and disadvantages on the basis of battery 4. Specifications: how da trsite 5. Panel view 6. Sunny zarezhdene controller 7. Species of batery, crawling into bateriite 8. How can we determine the size and brow on the photocell? 9. Efficiency on the solar panel prez zimata 10. Rules for installing
Girth per application
Ima three use for solar energy:
- Pestene for energy. Plug in the panels and allow you to give up on centralized storage, or let it be consumed by someone, and somehow sell the excess electricity to the electricity supply company.
- Osiguryavane for electricity on the object, connected to some kind of electrical wiring is impossible or economically unprofitable. Tova can be a vila or a lovna hut, located far from the electrical conductor. These devices are used for storage on lamps in remote areas for hailstones or bus spires.
- Protect your mobile and portable devices. When tourism, fishermen and others are like hits, they need to be sent to telephony, cameras and other judges. For tov, all the cells are crawling and sleeping.
Install the panels more conveniently for use there, you can’t deliver electricity back kjm sdzharzhanieto ↑
Principle for action
Slice the cells of the sasilicium of the shoulder with a debelin of 0.3 mm. Borat se adding kam chiniyat from the country, kadeto fall svetlinat. Tova drive until there is an excessive amount of free electronics. From the back of the country, adding phosphorus, some lead to the formation of "dupki". The boundary between tyah se naricha p-n krestovishche. Kogato svetlinata strike plochat, thee "beating" electronics on the back country. Such a potential difference appears. Regardless of the size of the element, a single cell develops a voltage of 0.7 V. If you increase the voltage, then you connect in series, and if you increase the current, you connect in parallel.
The maximum efficiency on the panel, and consequently the power, se comprehended, a light fall under an angle of 90 degrees. With some stationary devices of the battery, the trace is slanted, but the product significantly increases the price and strengthens the design.
Principle on slanchevata battery back kjm sdzharzhanieto ↑
Advantages and disadvantages on the basis of battery
Connect the panels, such as any device, imitation of advantages and disadvantages, connection from the principle to work and constructive characteristics.
Preferences on the panel slanchevite:
- Autonomy. Allowing you to deliver electricity to distant fences or lamps and work on mobile devices in the field.
- Profitability. Svetlinata on the slyntseto se crawled for a general run for electricity, for some reason it is not necessary and a raincoat. Therefore, PVP (photovoltaic systems) will pay for 10 years, some little from the exploitation life of 30 years.Understanding everything, it is necessary to eat everything in the future, foreseeing the periodic change to inverters and batteries, but everything is used for such a power plant to help and save money.
- Environmental friendliness. In terms of time for the operation of the device, it does not freeze around the environment and does not cause noise, for the difference from the power plant, working on other types of land.
In addition to the advantages, FES ima and disadvantages:
- The price is high. The system is similar to the e-delivery of the sky, especially kato ima foreseeing the price on battery and inverter.
- Long period on the cloak. The funds, investments in photovoltaic power plants, will still pay off in just the next 10 years. Tova e more often from a golyamata often from other investments.
- Photovoltaic systems take a lot of places - the whole thing is twisted and walled on the fence. Tova violated the design on the construct. Osvent tova bateriite with golyam capacitet zaemat tsyala flock.
- Uneven production of electricity. The power per device depends on time and time per day. Tova se compensator through installation on the battery or connected to the system of the electrical network. Tova allowed at the shortest time and the sale of excess electricity to the electric company of the day and vice versa, but the equipment was centrally equipped to protect the night.
Specifications: how da trsite
The main parameter for systematization from a photocell is its power. The pressure on such an installation reaches its maximum when the light is bright and depends on the strand of the sequentially connecting elements, which are almost in the ends of the structure 36. The power depends on the area per element and the strand on the line from 36 parallel strands.
In addition to the battery itself, it is important that you choose a controller for charging the battery and an inverter, which converts the charge on the battery into an intervoltage, such as the panel itself.
Battery imat allowable current on the charge, some do not try and previshava, otherwise damage it systematically. Poznavayki forewarning on battery, e forest yes, determine the power, it is necessary for the charge. Tya tryabva yes, but there is a need from the power of the solar power plant, otherwise the case in the solar day is often not used from the energy.
The controller osiguryava is protected from batteries and there is such a trembling and ima power and from the fall of completely slant energy.
Equipped with some power from the FES, not connected to an inverter, so the power is too small and in accordance with the total power of the electric power supply.
In addition to power and voltage, it is important that you choose a manufacturer. Such is the equipment of all purchases for a period of several decades, so you can’t but hurry on quality. Producers, who are on the market for a long time, sort out goods and value their reputation. You can read the feedback for tyah on the Internet and yes, choose with nay-positive.
Panel view
In addition to the size and power, the panels are different from the start, just separate the workmanship from the silicon.
Appears on mono- and polycrystalline panels
Single crystal silicon elements
Cells made from silicon monocrystals, squarish with whitening. Tova se lie on production technology:
- the crystal is cylindrical;
- the trace of cooling works on the cylinder is shattered, and it is based on the acceptance circle of the format on the square of the blackout;
- they will receive a block of se narazva on the shoulders from a debelin of 0.3 mm;
- boron and phosphorus will add to the area and contact the tape to the area of the stone;
- the battery cell is full of ready-made elements.
Ready-made cell of this fixer at the top is based and all of it is curved with UV-transmissive glass or laminated.
These devices are distinguished from the highest level of efficiency and reliability, for the sake of some things, they install them in important places, for example, in a space ship.
Photocells made from multi-polycrystalline silicon
Open the crystals of the element of the device, in which the cells are aligned in the direction from the silicon polycrystalline. The technology for production is similar. The main difference is that instead of a round crystal, a right-handed ribbon is used, which consists of crystals with different shapes and sizes. Therefore, element sa right or square.
Kato's sternness will take it away from the production of microcircuits and photocells. Tova rule the extreme product according to Evtin, but the quality of it is in vloshava. The device has a low efficiency - an average of 18%, I will cut 20-22% with a single-crystal battery. The question for the choice is both rather complicated. For various manufacturers, prices for one kilowatt of power on single-crystal and polycrystal panels can be yes, even ednakva or in crawling for any kind of device.
Amorphous silicon photocells
Prez the last few years, here they will cross the gavkavite batteries, which are so safe from the hardite.The technology for tyahnoto production is different from the technology for production on a mono- and polycrystalline panel - a layer of silicon with the addition of a top-down base, usually a thin sheet, until the necessary debelin is reached. Next to the sheets of se naryazvat, kjm tyah se zalepvat conductive tapes and tsyalat construction of se laminir.
Amorphous silicon cells
Efficiency on such a battery is about 2 five times a little from the basin on a solid construction, but they are more convenient and more irritating for the sake of the fact, what can they do.
Takiva devices sa in skype from conventional, but not an alternative in field conditions, cogato lekotata and hopefulness sa from paramount importance. The panel can, yes, sew up a tent or a wound on the top, and let it charge the battery, so that it is in motion. In the state of takiva device, kato book or rolled drawing, which you can put in kalf, like a pipe.
In addition, kam is charged to mobile devices at the time of the trip, gavkawi panels are installed in electrically transporting means and electrically aircraft. On the curvature of the takiva, the devices will repeat the curl on the flat and as a glass from the cato base, then adding a view of the tonirano and maybe all the same in the seer on the shrine or greenhouse.
Sunny zarezhdene controller
Directly linked to the panel kam battery ima lack:
- A battery with a nominal voltage of 12 V will still charge the voltage at the photocell output to 14.4 V, which is close to the maximum. Tova meaning, che bateriite nyama and se zazhdat often from time to time.
- The maximum voltage on the photocell is 18 V. With this voltage, the charging current on the battery is on the other side of the temple and you will fail otherwise.
For yes, these problems are avoided, but it is necessary to install the controller for the load. Nay-chesschaet design and sa PWM and MRPT.
PWM controller on charge
Work on a PWM controller (pulse-width modulation - PWM) constantly maintaining the output voltage. Tova is a guarantor that the battery is completely thinned and predisposed from heating when it is being charged.
MRPT controller
The MPPT (Maximum Power Tracker) controller adjusts the initial voltage and current values, which allows you to increase the maximum potential per dim battery, regardless of the brightness of the dim light. Whenever the brightness on the light-colored light was semantic, it was necessary to increase the initial voltage to nivoto, it is necessary for the discharge on the bateriite.
Such a system is crossed in all current inverters and controllers on charge.
Species of batery, crawling into bateriite
Different types of batteries that can and do crawl behind a sun cell
Batteries are an important element of a home solar system for 24/7 security.
These devices use the following types of batteries:
- starter;
- gel;
- AGM batteries;
- flooding (OPZS) and sealing (OPZV) batteries.
Other types of batteries, cato alkaline or lithium, sa skypi and seldom used.
All kinds of tezi-type devices trebva and work at temperatures from +15 to +30 degrees.
Starter batteries
Nai-chesto crossing the type of battery. Those sa evtini, but imat temple current for self-discharge. Therefore, after a few cloudy days, the batteries will thin it out, dori ako nyama goods.
The lack of equipment for the device e, in time for the operation of the gas separation. For the sake of tova, tryabva and install them in a non-residential, well-ventilated area.
In addition, the exploitation of the stomach on such a battery is up to 1.5 years, especially with multiple cycles on the discharge-discharge. Therefore, in the long term, the plan for the thesis of the device is more than good nay-skypite.
Gel batteries
Get the batteries of your products, which do not need support. There are no gas emissions during operation, so they can be installed in a cold room without ventilation.
Takiva device osigurevat temple current, temple capacitance and low current for self-discharge.
The disadvantage of this device is the high price and short operational life.
AGM batteries
Tezi batery imat a short stomach, but imat a lot of predominance:
- slips on gas emissions by time for work;
- small size;
- golyam break (about 600) cycles on the zarezhdane-razrezhdane;
- barzo (up to 8 hours) zarezhdane;
- good performance, but not completely overgrown.
AGM battery inside
Flood (OPZS) and Sealed (OPZV) batteries
Takiva devices sa nai - hope and imat nai - d'l'g exploitative stomach. Te imat is low current on self-discharge and high energy consumption.
The quality theses govern such devices as the most popular for the installation of solar photovoltaic systems.
How can we determine the size and brow on the photocell?
The required size and number of photocells depends on the voltage, amperage and power, which is necessary to obtain from the battery. The voltage per cell in a sunny day is 0.5 V. Sometime cloudy, a lot of low. Therefore, for firing on 12 V batteries, 36 photocells were linked in succession. In response, the need is 72 cells for 24V batteries, and the so-called. They will share a broy depending on the area for one element and the required power.
One square meter of battery area, for example, foreseeing efficiency, can deliver approximately 150 watts. Precisely, yes, you can determine it through meteorological reference books, showing the amount of solar radiation per locality on the installation at a solar power plant or on the Internet. The efficiency of the device is not shown in the passport.
If you manage a photovoltaic power plant with your own power, the necessary elements are determined from power to single element in a given climate, as a result of reporting efficiency.
Calculated per wire on the solar panel based on the required electricity back kjm sdzharzhanieto ↑
Efficiency on the solar panel prez zimata
Contrary to the fact, it’s clear that the sky is from a low prez winter, the stream is lightly painted lightly, especially the trace of the cato fall was removed.
Ima three main reasons, for the sake of which, make the cells sa little more effective prezimata:
- Ъglt on padan on lchite se for me. For yes, it’s saved in advance, it’s for a slope on a batery, it’s a tryabva, and for that I’ll change it for a season and for a preference for a whole month.
- Snyag, especially wet, field on the surface on the device. Tryabva and now remove the Vednaga's trail padane.
- Prez winter ima is a little light day and more cloudy days. It is impossible to exchange goods, so it is necessary to calculate the power per battery before the winter minimum.
Rules for installing
The maximum power on the panel has reached the position, at some point the lights fall perpendicularly. Tova tryabva and this ima foresee the installation time. It is so important and all the same, foreseeable time for a day and minimum cloud cover.Ako glyat on a slope on a curve and an unprepared position will not be dissuaded from the iskvaniyat, that se Korigira through the regulation on the basis.
Between the bateriyata and the crest of the treb and ima, the distance is from 15-20 centimeters. The goods are necessary for the flow in the hope and for the prevention of the warming up.
The photocells do not work well for the syanka, so you will put a shanka and a durvet in a syankat on the fence.
Connect photovoltaic power plants as a promising environmentally friendly source of energy.
PredishnaAlternative sources How to properly install solar panels