How can you see artificial lightening
A person's perception of a golamat is often visually from information about the light around him. Tova determines a significant role in lightening the abdomen. Natural sources (slantseto, scattered light in a cloudy sky, moonlight, lightulkite, lightning, polar aurora, etc.) do not blame the necessary quality for clarification. Therefore, from ancient times, a person is not correct in pre-tasking and creating clarification with the help of artificial sources - fire or lamps from various types and designs. Naricha is artificial. Statiyata providing a guide to artificial clarification, non-descript species, characteristics, classifications, sources.
Containment: 1. Definition 2. Basic regulatory documents 3. Specifications 4. What is artificial lightening 5. Species and classification 6. Conclusion
Definition
Lightening is created from the natural source, the senarich is natural. In any case, the goods are not sufficient, therefore, it is specially used to create a source, which is made from artificial lighting (in modern conditions, as a rule, electrical). Tozi kind of clarification se narich artificial clarification. Negative purpose and osiguri resistance to light, established from sanitary standards.
As a rule, depending on the situation, for the purpose of artificial lightening, it is different due to the definition of the source for light, location in different places. Zatova often used the term "system for artificial lightening".A group of people from the source of light for deciding on the definition of the problem (for example, an evacuation lighting system outside the room is placed in the event of an emergency shutdown on the main system).
Basic regulatory documents
In any case, clarification is also an important component on the merkit for safety. Therefore, in the tazi region, the power of the legislature is in force.
In the first place, we speak for a set of rules SP 52.13330.2016 "Natural and artificial lightening" (instead of SNiP 23-05-95). To formulate the basic terms and definitions, establishing the requirements for natural and artificial lighting, including emergency, security and duty.
Hygiene research for clarification is regulated by SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03.
Izskvaniyata for clarification se regular from reditz GOSTOV, depending on the task parameters, kato minimum clarification for regulation cases, uneven clarification and others. In particular:
- GOST R 56228-2014 with basic terms and definitions.
- GOST R 55842-2013 standard for emergency lighting.
- GOST 33176-2014 regulation of spot clarification.
- GOST R 55710-2013 regulating clarification at work places.
- GOST 12.1.046-2014 regulating lighting for construction sites.
- GOST R 55706-2013 regulations for externally utilitarian clarification.
- GOST 55707-2013 regulates the method for measuring on the characteristic for external clarification.
- GOST 55708-2013 regulates the method for calculating the standardization of parameters for street lighting.
Specifications
Artifical clarification, similar to natural clarification, is characterized by a small quantity, medium is the main one.
Svetlinen flow
Kolkoto - golyama e power to the source, sensible - shine brightly. Svetlinata from the source can be used with a reflector. Therefore, for the lighting technique, the power of the source does not play a role, the concentration and focus are sharply indignant. The value characterizing the tosi parameter, senarich "bright stream". I measured it in the lumen. A single lumen is equal to a light flux to a source to a light line with a force of 1 candela in a platen gal from 1 steradian (remember si, a double sphere e platen gal from 4π steradian).
Svetlinniyat flow e is conveniently stagnant from light intensity, th kato chovek of the reception of the concentriranate of light is bright, dori ako intensity in the light is one and the same. The light flow to some of the sources is shown in the table:
sourceSvetlinen stream, lm100W~1000 Float Light Bulb1000W~20000 Float Light Bulb15W~5000 Fluorescent Lamp
Lightening
From daily experience it is known that every source of light illuminates kindly at a close distance, broken away at a distance. Quantity, something foreseeing the tazi characteristic, e lighting. Lux ce reception per unit of illuminance. 1 lux e clarificationto per 1 m2 of surface, at the top of the pad light stream 1 lumen.
Lightening is for some cases not given in the table:
SituationLightening, lxSurface, illuminated from the sun on a clear day ~ 100000 Average illumination at cloudy time 1000-20000 Closed close to the seer of the day 300-3000 Movie screen 80-120 Full moon nights 0.1-0.3 Sun 2.8 × 1027
Silata on svetlinata
Light intensity characterizes the amount of energy emitted from a light source per unit time.Candela se reception kato unit for intensit on svetlinata. One candela e is equal to the intensity of the bright light, radiated from the surface with an area of 1/600000 m2 from the area to the cross section of the transducer in the slope, perpendicular to the transverse cross section at the temperature of the transducer is equal to the temperature of the transducer to the platinum (2042 K) at Nalyagane 1 atm.
With a rigorous definition, it is difficult to visualize tazi stamina. Suffice it to remember that “candela” means “light”. Therefore, the intensity in the light is not for 1 candela e light intensity is for approximately one light. For any other sources, the intensity in the world is given in the table:
sourceSvetlinen intensity, cdLight~1LED0.5-3Kerosene lamp~5Incandescent lamp 100W~100Energy fluorescent lamp 20W~120Reasonable anti-aircraft spotlight with a diameter of 1.5m1.5×109Sunlight2.8×1027
In addition to the description of the main characteristics, in special cases it is used by special ones - betrayal on flowering, color and spectral characteristics, etc.
What is artificial lightening
Artifical clarification is all related to clarification for solving a certain set of tasks, from artificial sources, as a rule, electrically (lamps, spotlights, projectors). For example, the lighting on the open warehouse with building materials and the night of the show for the bigness. Another example is sa lampite in a minen or underground corridor.
Pay attention to the fact that artificial lightening can be done autonomously - for example, we bring Feners and lamps with different designs.
Species and classification
Izkustvenoto clarification se subdivided into varieties for the sake of following the reasons.
With prior agreement
Nai-chesto crossed the basis for the classification of e-celta. Artificial lightening e:
- working women;
- hurry case;
- duty officer;
- sigurnost;
- evacuation;
- reserve.
Operational clarification according to the conditions for clarification in the premises, in accordance with the ss sanitary standards, is normal, daily mode. Ako despite the time spent in the flock of the choir, but all the same, clarification is necessary, it is preposterous to use a special mode of readiness to study.
In many cases, this is a technique for protective brightening, which is often measured by the physical strength of the plant. It is intended to record illegal actions. Some authors have made it clear that the protective lightening is taken for a sense of security for the staff at the plant and residents in the area.
It is important often from the systematization for security to enterprises and housing protections - emergency lighting... Because of this, some of the main spreads of a functionary. Illuminate bodies for emergency work and an autonomous system for safekeeping, so they will all be used in case of complete deactivation of the target.
In an emergency situation, it is used for both evacuation and backup lighting. The main function is for backup lighting to enable personnel to continue safely or to complete work. The evacuation block e was designed for the possible nai-brzata and safe evacuation of servants and residents for protection in case of an accident. Some authors will be confused for some hasty case.
Understandably, within the framework of work-related clarification, a subspecies is separated - clarification, then on an industrial zone with increased danger. Because of this, when working with a temple there is a risk, some sanitary standards will set especially temples for the study of clarification.
By location
Another basis for classification is its location on the source of light. They can and illuminate the tsyalat flock, and such is the clarification of the senaricha, the general clarification. Ako source illuminating the smallest part of the flock, this is local clarification.
As a rule, kjm general clarification on the premises, then they will impose a little research, otklkoto clarification on the zonate, and deto se amirat horata. This is for the protection of e and imate and dvata species. In general, this is osiguryava, as a rule, from tavanni lamps with a different design, which gives a wide diffused light stream, and locally - from clearly focused and relatively small. Chesto se izpolzvat at the same time. Tozi view clarification se naric combined clarification.
Extremely local clarification is undesirable. There is a lot of contrast here and there is no time for some adaptation, but sometimes you move between different areas for flocks. This is inconvenient and may affect safety.
The horn and page lightening are clearly underlined. Parviyat obiknoveno e common. Vtoriyat e local. Page lightening can be single or multi-country.
Through distribution to the light stream
Another basis for classification is through distribution.
Tavannite illuminators of the body with golems, wide-angled diffusers usually osigure evenly, mek is a bright stream in a flock of tsyalat. Takava svetlina se naricha is diffuse or common.
But as in the flock of the name of a little zone with different conditions and research, the prejudicial lampite and all will be distributed unevenly, in accordance with the zone on the premises. Tosi view clarification senarich localized clarification.
Understandably, this is indirectly clarified - a source of light on the light, illuminating not the zonate on the illumination, but near the surface, and the zonate, illuminating from the light, is reflected from the surface of the basin.
Dadenata classification can be presented as a kato diagram:
Conclusion
Izkustvenoto clarification plays a huge role in the Czech stomach. Negotiate all kinds of use on a daily basis and work processes in an enterprise. Therefore, in the Tazi region, the regulatory documents, joint ventures and GOST are in force.
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