What time did electricity appear in Russia in the household?
Title: electrical engineer
By golyamata, often from the youth of the choir in Russia, they are crushed, the electrification is not buried under the Soviet government, and before the bahma of the environment, take the page in relation to the distribution of electricity to the industry. Some readers will probably learn from the past and learn what else in the region for the 19th century electricity was used for clarification in Russia. Many authors on the plan for electrification in Soviet times and imach experience from work in the pre-revolutionary country.
containment: 1. History on the development, then on electricity, then before the revolution 2. Soviet period, electrification and GOELRO 3. Before the Great Patriotic War 4. Trail of the Great Patriotic War 5. Conclusion
History on the development, then on electricity, then before the revolution
It’s not a forest, yes, just dissuade me when electricity appears in Russia. Historical sources spomenavat for parvi pat otkrivaneto on an electric discharge from the Russian academician, inventor Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov prez 1802. He conducts experiments and proves that with the help of an electric metalite, they can brew, drown and crawl for clarification.
Figure 1. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov
Prez 1872, it was sent to spomenavane to open it to the cable plant "Partnership for the Exploitation of Electricity M. M. Podobedov and Co." Tova plant is still functioning. Nowadays, you wear it to Grupat from the Moskabelmet company. The enterprise is in 4th place in Russia in relation to production.
Figure 2. Podobedov Mikhail Mikhailovich
Prez 1872Aleksander Nikolaevich Lodigin for the invention of a lamp with a lit lamp and receiving a patent in 1874
Figure 3. Lodygin lamp
Prez 1873 of that experiment with lightening in St. Petersburg with a lamp with a lit lamp and founding the “Partnership for Electric Lighting at Lodigin and Co” with the exclusive right and use of a lamp with a lit lamp.
Figure 4. Lodigin Alexander Nikolaevich
For pity, partnership, I didn’t have time to achieve success in spreading it on lamps from a lit zhichka, that’s why it’s a link with opposing local companies, which is veche imach monopolistic lightening on the street in St. Petersburg with gas and oil lamps from the Community Council. It’s like this, light it from a hot litter box, for the sake of crawling into the hole, the imach is a short exploitation belly and a low light.
In spite of the difficulties, the partnership managed to organize for the first time lighting with electricity. The bridge to Aleksandar II (Liteini), was built in 1879 on the Neva, without falling into the contracts. It was above him for the first time in the country that electric lighting was organized. From Tozi, the moment the soil of the history of the electrification in Russia.
Figure 5. St. Petersburg, electric lighting on Liteiniya Most
Thanks for the successful introduction of electrical lighting in 1880 from the teachings of Yablochkov, Lodigin and Chikolev, within the framework of the Russian Technical Friendship, a special electrical department was organized. The main task of the main task is to promote the electrical safety in the country.
Figure 6. Ruskoto technical friendship
With efforts at Ruskoto Technical Friendship, the work was organized for the installation of electrical lighting devices along the streets to Moscow and St. Petersburg. Scho prez 1880electric lighting for workers at the Dnepropetrovsk Ship Friendship in Kyiv was completed.
For the sake of a small amount of light, illuminated from the lamp with a lit zhichka on Lodigin, shine on Yablochkov byah from crawling for lighting on the street. Source for light in such a lamp and beshe electric arc. A distinctive feature on the design is the beche lipsat on a mechanical regulator, which is also supported by an electric drive.
Figure 7. Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich
The light is made up of two flattened electrodes, between which the imache is a dielectric - gypsum or kaolin. As a result, hit the dag on tov, which gradually burns out the electrodes and the insulator.
Figure 8. Candle of Apples
Sveshta cost approximately 1.5 hours of unpredictable work. For the case on the prekshvane on the source for electric current, that se gaseshe. For yes, back off and work the lampata, shake it and change it. Tozi lacking in consequence beche eliminiran through vvezhdane on metal dust in the insulating material. Through the addition of metal salt to the insulator, Yablochkov received a different color on the dagata.
In St. Petersburg, you can use the lamps for illumination at the Bolshoi Theater and the Mikhailovsky Manege. Those zapochnaha and all are used for being replaced by street lamps, working on gas and petrol. In a natashnat work for picking up on a lamp with a hot zhichka beche is hidden. Subsequently, a patent for a modern lamp with a tungsten lamp was sold from Lodigin to the American General Electric Company prez 1906.
In Moscow, electric lamps illuminated the square in front of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. For tov and for lighting on the street in Moscow byaha montirani 100 electrical lighting devices.
Illuminate bodies with lamps and lamps with lit lamps. These lamps are mainly used in industrial premises, workers, shops and public places. Electric lighting for housing fences is not more often crossed for the sake of a high price and lipsat at nearby power stations.
By the same time, one of the founders of Siemens and Halsk, a German engineer and businessman, Ernst Werner von Siemens, who became a Russian nobleman, was taken to Russia.
Figure 9. Werner von Siemens
Siemens work on organizing a festive lighting at the Moscow Kremlin and a cambanariat on Ivan Veliki on May 15, 1883 on the occasion of the coronation on Alexander III. For osiguryavane for electricity, a power plant was built on the Sofiyskaya nasip.
Figure 10 Bogolyubov A.P.
Prez 1883, electrical lighting was also perverted on Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. The trace is known to the time of Zimniyat Palace e electrified. Energy is needed for work on lighting devices, all produced from a special power plant. Imashe power 35 kW and se namirashe on a barge, sailed to the nasip on the Moika River.
The Siemens brothers founded the Friendship for Electric Lighting in 1886. The society planned and organized electrification in the streets, industries, shops and housing. Work until Oktomvriyskat revolution. From the bottom of the line, the organizers of GOERLO will come to you - Krzhizhanovsky, Krasin, Ugrimov, Klason and many others.
Electricity is the ground and right in the stomach on the same chorus. Purvata of the Georgievskaya power plant was put into operation in Moscow prez 1888Heavier with a power of 10 kW, small according to modern standards, and basing electricity on a fence, located in the center, at a distance of one and a half verst. Prez 1892 in Kyiv, the supply and operation of electric trams in Russia.
Figure 11. CHPP Georgievskaya in Moscow
Contrary to the pace of electrification in Ruskata Empire, there are problems with the widespread electrical distribution of beshe lipsat on a single centralized system for electricity supply and backbone. For yes, electricity will be generated, many cities and towns and cities will purchase and install their own generators, working on direct current. Nyamashe system for protection, including the golems of the power plant, which generates electric energy for the purpose of the region.
Serve on Friendship for the electrical lighting of the mess is excellent and let the opitaha solve the problem, cato the power of the power plant. Purvata power plant in Rusia, capable of supplying electricity to the region, e TEC "Electroprenos", built prez 1914. Power mu beshe 9000 kW.
Figure 12. CHP Transfer to capacity
A distinctive feature of the power plant beshe lipsat is the need for delivery to the side for Neinat's work. Electricity central work on evtino locally mountainous, peat, and beshe was built on the locality on golem and peat of the site. At the moment e in the exploitation and se nary of GRES-3.
The ideas for setting up a power plant belong to Robert Eduardovich Klason and other ministers of the Society for Electric Lighting: Radchenko, Krzhizhanovsky, Wintar.
Station e was built at a significant distance from Moscow - 75 km. For the transmission of electricity from it to the consumer, an overhead electrical conduit is required.No one has ever built a takiwa line in Russia and engineered it with difficulty. Osventov's problems are not worse in not reaching the material necessary for the defendant.
The main difficulty is more, than the airy line is shaking da minava prez blatni or mountain land, chiito the owner of a private person - a noblewoman and landowner. Personnel at the Society for Electric Lighting are shaking up and working intensified, for yes, get permission from you.
According to this time, new power plants are being built in other towns on Ruskata Empire, and construction on water-electric power plants, using water energy, is especially good at a different pace. Until 1917, the total capacity of the hydroelectric power plant (EEC) was 19 MW, and that of Nai-golyamata, EEC Hindu Kush, was 1350 kW.
Until 1914, the electrification rate in Russia was one of the highest in the world.
With izbuhvaneto on Parvata light war, the pace at the entrance to the exploitation of the new power plants and electrical wiring is almost half the fun.
Soviet period, electrification and GOELRO
Following the October revolution, civil war and intervention, the development of Russian energy industry in the West. Before 1920, a state commission for electrification in Russia GOELRO was set up and a plan for electrification in Russia was adopted.
Figure 13. Title on the first edition on GOELRO
Many engineers and scientists - more than 200 souls - participated in the work at GOELRO under the leadership of Krzhizhanovski. There is a difference between the plan for electrification e, and the fourth one is developed for the development not only of the energy sector, but also of the economy of the country of cato cyalo. The development of the energy sector is more of a change, some of it is more of a prerequisite for the protection of the enterprise in the golem industry.
The GOELRO project is based on national industrialization in the country and has a program for civil war and development in the industry. The plant separates the main focus on the development of industry, agricultural production, transport and construction. Osventov tova was given priority to the bitterness of the local harshness - mud, peat, darva and gas.
Until 1931, the planet was transformed. The production of electricity for electricity at 13.5 billion kWh, that is, almost seventy five more, otkolko ahead of the revolution. Until 1935, they planted 40 power plant innovations.
Not tryabva yes seven thought that the development of the energy sector in our soil is barely a trace of the execution of the GOELRO plan, but the previous Rusia is out of your hands from other luminaries of power. Based on the plan for electrification byah, the project is based on studies from Ruskat Empire, and the staff of the Society for Electric Lighting is included in the committee on electrification.
Before the Great Patriotic War
Thanks for the successful implementation of the GOELRO plan and the second year of the planning for the development of national economics, the total capacity of the installation of the electric power plant in 1940 was up to 11.2 million kWh, and the production of electricity - 48.3 billion kWh. Imashe 20 power plants with a capacity of over 100 hil. kWh.
It is necessary to start operation of 2 power plants with a capacity of 350 kwh each. The total length of the electrical conduit is over 23 hil. km. Electric systems in the country are developing and uniting.Prez 1942, for the organization of work on the energy systems in the Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions, and the creation of the ODE branch - the Unified Dispatch Office in the Urals.
The Great Patriotic War and the subsequent occupation from the enemy on the territory of the Soviet Union, where the power production was located, reflect unfavorably the higher production of electricity. The total amount of electricity produced in 1942 was 29.1 billion kWh.
Leadership of the Soviet Union is of strategic importance for the delivery of energy. Energize the work with the risk for the stomach of si and restore the delivery to the electric energy. One from many examples for such a return, it is installed for electricity supply to Leningrad plantings.
In the plantings of Leningrad, the Svetskite power plant was used and prokarat 10 kV, a cable was connected along the bottom to Ladozhkoto Lake with a length of 22 km. The submerged cable line was installed in 48 days. Vzhenata line minavashe and prez blata and gori from Volkhovskat EETS. Dalzhinata on tozi uchastk beshe 130 km.
The “Line on the Belly” was not valid from September 23, 1942 to May 15, 1944. For the time being, the provision of over 25 million kWh of electricity. Tova send it as possible to start production in the industry of the enterprise, install traffic on trams and osigurevane for electricity for housing fences.
Figure 14. Procarvane for cables
There was a trace of liberation on the occupation of the territory from the Nazis, the power plant, byaha, standing in front of everything upside down. Golemite gradov on Svetsky syuz byah supply with electricity, some of it is generated from the mobile power plant, put on special power and vlakovo.
Like the Vlakoves, they zapochvat and work prez 1943.The power plant is mobile, delivering electricity to Stalingrad, but they work in other liberations of the Soviet city. Tova was able to produce 43.3 billion kWh of electricity before 1945, something comparable to pre-war figures.
Trail of the Great Patriotic War
The development of the electric power industry in the Soviet Union was followed by the victory of the next five on the fence in the form of hydro- and heat-electric power plants and subsequent centralization. Comrade let us significantly increase the problem. In comparison with the pre-war period, the production of electricity has increased by 6 five and up to 300 billion kWh.
Prez 1967, they completed the construction of a single energy system, sometimes covering the European slope, partly on the Soviet Union and uniting 600 electric power plants. Thank you for the experience of the fence and the fence around the gaps in the Asian regions and Iztochen Siberia, with the subsequent connection to the single energy system in the USSR.
In 1985, the volume of electricity produced was 1544 kWh, and the total power in the power plant was 315 million kWh. Tova Beshenov is a stage in the development of the local energy sector. Construction of a power plant in Siberia and Central Asia.
Figure 15. Bratsk EEC
In 1961, the generator was put into operation at the EEC Bratsk on the river, and in 1967, the hydraulic unit was put into operation at the Krasnoyarsk EEC on the Yenisei. In the far outflow of the starter of the EEC "Zeyskaya". The total capacitance for all the Soviet water and electricity centrals in 1990 is 65 million kW, and the amount of electricity produced is 233 billion kW * h.
Figure 16. Krasnoyarsk EEC
During the period from 1971 to 1975.Ima is intensively developing on the 750 kV electrical network, connecting other cities: lines "USSR-Poland", "USSR-Romania-Bulgaria".
Figure 17. VEC Zeya
Prez 80 years. At the same time, in the Soviet Union, the soil is actively developing nuclear energy. Over time, observing a significant growth rate in the volume of electricity produced in the nuclear power plant (AEC). For example, while the share in the production of electricity in the nuclear power plant exceeded 5.6% of the total amount in the Soviet Union in 1980, until 1985 the volume reached 10.8%.
Conclusion
A trail of decay was found on the Soviet Union of Energy Sector, soil and painting. Screenshot on RAO UES in Russia, presented to the population, which is the only way out of the crisis, having a negative impact on the development of the energy industry. In the period from 1991 to 2000. Throw on incidents and misfortune has sharply increased it, but there is no increase in investment.
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