History on the development of electricity - who opened it and what a bad year
Electricity is often from the stomach even now, in the case of a short-term lips on the zahranvane, "the edge of the world" and not in itself in an exaggerated, but also in a literal sense. A trace of a kato sviknakh with a predomistvata on civilization, which stanakh is possible thanks to the use of electricity, for the time it’s difficult and it’s hard to figure out how our ancestors planted.
When misalta for tova in the chapters, a picture appeared on a dark cave, in the morning a fire burned in some way. An ancient man, clothed in leather, staring at the stone of fire and hvarla into it dryly. The children sit down before him, follow him closely and listen to the stories behind the fiery color.
Many readers will probably miss it, but they will teach how electricity was known in ancient times. It’s impossible for Osvent to be sure, yes, just dissuade him from inventing electricity.
We knew before the evening for the ability to use any type of ribeye and to emit electrical discharges, which would immobilize them. And how can we say for otkrivaneto on the "Baghdad battery" - probably the chemical source for the current, which worked more than 2.5 khiladi godini? Let's, the reader, let's sort out some experience, let's analyze the story about the use of electricity.
containment: 1. History on open 2. When did you appear in kashchita and kade 3. Power development in Russia and GOELRO 4. Conclusion
History on open
Atmospheric electricity did not exist for many people. Fire that forerunner and represent your immediate danger for the ancient choir.Vizhdaiki is approaching a thunderous storm, we have a pre-arrival for the wrath of God's fear and it is prudent to experience it so that they will not let go of the slyness.
An unknown force has been involved, therefore, if you know about the danger from electricity, it’s still good to use it for your goals. For pity, little data has reached our time. Therefore, they dissuaded on a question about the right to use electricity, which, ugly, is the source of the remains of the skrit in tmninata on history.
Observations in antiquity
Sew predzi sa knew for unusual properties on some species of ribeye. In the ancient Egyptian text, dated from 2750 A.D., se spomenava for ribi, capable of electrically discharging - "loudspeakers on the Nile."
Figure 1. Ancient Egyptian bas-relief from the tomb on Ti in Sakara
Bas-relief, created from the ancients by an artist around 2300 A.D. e., depicting a fishing scene. The medium is depicted on ribite in dolnata, often on a bas-relief, you can see it electrically.
Figure 2. Electrically som
The ancient Roman scientist Pliny Stari described the extraordinary possibilities for electrically catfish and lychi. That spomena ability to defuse, get rid of these animals, and behold, they move along conductive objects.
Figure 3. Electric ramp
Arabic, Roman and Greek healers used silat for electric riba for the treatment of gout and headaches. The method for the treatment of the patient is when the patient is hypocritical and receiving a powerful electrical discharge.
Izvestniyat ancient Roman scientist Galen, lived prez 2 century cl. Chr., having used the tosi method, it was successful for therapy, why did the emperor Marcus Aurelius govern his doctor.
Zabelezhitelni sa bas-relief on the ancient Egyptian temple on the goddess Hathor, built earlier than 4.5 hilyadi years.Subject, the images on the wall, fit on gas-discharge electric lamps and assume that they were beaten by crawling for lighting on the temple.
Figure 4. Bas-relief from the temple on Hathor
In any case, Egyptolosi will take the opposite glorious point. They refuted this discovery and say that the production of such a lamp, the source of current is powerful, they sought vacuum pumps, current conductors, insulators, and improved production for blowing glass.
Thales, philosopher and mathematician from the ancient city of Miletus, prez 600 pr. For the sake of Malkiy, the volume of research and at least for the development of the naukat according to the time, the essence of the phenomenon has not been studied in vain.
Figure 5. Thales from Miletus
Unusual feature on kehlibar explaining it with influence on the divine power. By the way, the root of the thought “electricity” is not connected with the common name for kehlibar - electron.
German archaeologist Vilhelm König prez 1936 in Baghdad, the capital of modern Iraq, revealing an artifact on a veche from 2 Khiladi Godini. Tova sa remains from clay sid, chiato 13 cm long. Gornata is often covered with bitumen. In the third imache, the prachka was stomped, placed in a copper cylinder.
Teachings suggest that there is a chemical source for electrical current, which is filled with jelly or alkaline solution. The conjecture on König has been empirically proven by many scholars. And so, prez 1947, an American physicist send a copy to the court. Toy iszpolzva copper sulfate catho electrolyte. The voltage, generated from the battery, is more than 2 V.
Figure 6. Baghdad battery
Understand this, criticizing all the theory for the possibilities of the ancient chorus and using sources for energy. They say that if it’s not intentionally equipped, it’s something to work on electricity. A battery device, for some reason, the hearth part is covered with a layer of bitumen, not assuming a cathode source for current, but, on the contrary, it is similar to being stored on a sweatshirt.
Charles Francois Dufay and a type of taxi
In the region for the 16th century, study for some reason and be interested in ancient works. An English doctor for Elizabeth I and a part-time physicist William Gilbert introduced the term "electricity" into widespread use before 1600.
With Tosi, the term teaching is a description of a silate, derived from a different substance with a triene one into another. Toy e and the author on a scientific treatise. In it, Gilbert offered to make out Zemyata to the cathogols a magnet, pole on someone similar to geographic.
Figure 7. William Gilbert
Gilbart e parviyat is a scientist, he divided the concepts of magnetism and static electricity. Toy e sjzdatelyat on nai is just a device, called the versorium. The device is also designed and tested for presence in the electric field.
Figure 8. Versorium
With the help of negotiation, the teachings will prove that, with the help of a triene, the ability to attract to objects with a little warmth is not inherent in kekhlibar itself, but also in other materials. Toy e and prviyat, who describe the insulating and shielding properties on various materials.
Prez 1663 burgomaster from the German city of Magdeburg, Oto von Guericke, continued research on William Gilbert and the fence is an electrostatic machine. With the help of non-verbal help, the study of the effect on attracts and shines on various bodies.
The machine is seized from the firebox, it’s fixed in a koyato beshe fixed stomanen prt.Topkat e is directed through the spout to melted sara in glass. The trace of the kato serata is vtvardi, it’s more stupid.
Topkata e montirana on a special rack. Topkat se zavarta with the help of a special drive. Opiraiki dry roar at the top of it, maybe watching how bright bodies seduce or gleam under the influence of something on static electricity. Teachings have proven that a static charge can and does betray a lazy niche for distance.
Figure 9. Electrostatic machine on Von Guericke
Experiment on von Guericke for transferring electricity to a distance from the English scientist Stephen Gray. To that gledashe, like a korkt, some crooked glassy pipe, the soil and attracting leki obekti, kogato trbata se tark.
Attach a copy of the kjm tapata niche, the teachings will be able to reach the maximum distance, some of you can charge the electricity, e 800 feet.
Osventova has been more established that the distance does not affect the input from the debelinate, but from the material from which it is directed. In this way, the teachings have established that electric charges can and do transmit through electrostatic induction, without even having to cut the glass to the point. Gray discovered that the substances are divided into conductors into electricity and dielectricity.
Figure 10. Experiment with Steven Gray
Frensky was taught by Charles Dufat, after which he taught experiments on his predecessors, in 1733 he developed a curve that, in nature, there are two types of electrically charged or, like some kind of ginarich, “resin and glassed electricity”. Something else, electricity from different types can be attracted and one type of reflection of the property is one type.
Figure 11. Charles Dufay
The next step in research on electricity was invented on a capacitor, a device for storing on an electrical charge, presented in 1745 in the Holland city of Leiden.
Historically, on a crooked story, for two teachings, koito sa discovered the same effect independently of each other. Prviyat, some of the effects of natrupvaneto on an electrical charge, e. Ewald von Kleist.
The discovery was not directed by chance, when it was fired by a stomanen pyron from an electric machine. Reshavayki, why the nail is quite thinned, the teachings zapochal yes go wadi from kutiyat, who was holding a sirak from a friend. Kogato is straight-forward nails, get a blow from the currents.
As a result, open up opportunities for akumulirane for electricity. Few of the experiences are repeated by Prof. Peter von Muschenbrück. Water crawled out, poured out into a glass of food and drown copper sap in it. Kogato teachings se experience and thoroughly thin copper conductor, that one will receive a strong current blow.
Figure 12. Experiment with Leyden burqan
Subsequently, von Muschenbrück reported for his discovery of the scientific community. Received the device of the mill is known to the "Leiden Bank".
Figure 13. Device on the Leyden burqan
Approximately at this time, the great scientists of Cato Mikhail Lomonosov and Georg Richman studied atmospheric electricity in Russia. In order to investigate the phenomenon, they construct a lightning rod. With the help of non-government, the scientists slaughtered the “burkan Leyden”. Those who taka sa invented a device for measuring electricity - "electrical indicator".
For regret, prez 1753, in time for a single experiment with atmospheric electricity, Georg Richman tragically folded in the face of a lightning strike.
Figure 14
Benjamin Franklin and Khvarchiloto
Continuing and from the result of the nature of the appearance of electricity, the American scientist and well-known politician Benjamin Franklin introduced the definition of positive and negative charges.
In Philadelphia prez 1752 that experiment was carried out for the study of electrical phenomena in the atmosphere. Ask more and more, it grumbled into a thunderous cloud. Made from stomanen frame, covered with coprinen fabric. Zmiyata beshe vyarzana for koprinen pandelka.
A key is thrown into the edges on the tapeta imache. Aware of the deadly danger of lightning, Franklin is not out of the moment to strike. Instead of that one, the desert grumbled into a cloud and found that it could be electrically charged.
Figure 15. Experience with Franklin with a grunt
To that already, it is possible to describe the principle of the action on the lightning rod and to increase the efficiency of the suggestion of the horn is often and sometimes sharpened. With the help of the teachings on the lightning conductor, they will prove that it is a million from the electrical nature.
Luigi Galvani and Alesandro Volta - discoveries in Italy at the beginning of the 18th-19th century
The Italian scientist Luigi Galvani prez 1771, while conducting experiments on the study of muscular contraction, discovered the possibility of preparing butchette frogs and seducing under the influence of electricity. Tova accidentally put a discovery on a new direction in science - electrophysiology.
In a treatise published from him in 1791, teachings describe the presence of an electric current in the muscles of the animal. Samiyat is a phenomenon e krusten in negovo honor - galvanizm. Galvani, suppose that you muscle on an animal like a kato burkan from Leiden and can charge it electrically, which betrays you on your nerves.
Figure 16. Luigi Galvani
A follower of Luigi Galvani, a negovite pedigree, professor of anatomy Giovanni Aldini, became known from the comrade, che direct the response to chicho si ominous stare. Instead of a dismembered toad, he crawled into a corpse on the executioner of a criminal for his experiments. You can see the public how you move the weight, open your eyes and make a grimace. The track is such a show for a long time suffering from a mental disorder.
Prez 1785 French scientist Charles Coulomb formulated the law, which described the force on the interaction between electric charges depending on the distance between them. The study of electrical phenomena is not true in exact science.
Experiment with electricity Luigi Galvani, inspire your colleague, the teachings of Alesandro Volta, and experiment with "Zivotinsko electricity". Volta conclude that similar to the phenomenon of sa svyarzani with a closed electric chain, consisting of two different types of metal and fluidity.
Figure 17. Alesandro Volta
Prez 1800, she invented a chemical source for current - "Voltaichen Stalb". The device is all from a disc, made from various metals, between which the charter is put on a disc, drink with an alkaline solution.
Figure 18. Voltian pole
Conducting experiments with the kraka toad, studies were reached to the conclusion that the magnitude of contraction on technite also depended on the type on metalite. When cutting from a conductor, working from a metal from a type, the effect is not observed. Through the study of this analysis of the potential difference.
Continue experimenting with electricity, Volta stig until you open it, make it nervous and imat in a golyama excitability from the muscles. Establish such a teaching, if you look at the organs for vision and taste, they are sensitive to the impact on the electric current.
Izpolzvayki otkritieto on Volta, Russian scientist Vasily Petrov prez 1802 globular golyama battery, consisting of 2100 copper and zinc disk, between which and carton disk, drink with ammonium solution.
Discovete byakha put in the doorway of the kutia and tied in series. The total length on the battery is about 12 meters. Sjdavaneto for such a powerful source for current, direct it, possibly boiled to an electric arc.
In practice, it has been proved that it is possible to use dagata for various purposes:
- Topene and brewed on metal.
- Extracted from metal from ore.
- Lightening.
Figure 19. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov
Petrov belongs to whom the term "opposite" is used. To describe it to them, characterize the substance, some of it changes to movement, then to electric current. Experiment with the use of electric current pres metal oxide and other substances in the right direction, and perhaps describe the process of electrolysis.
Magnetic field - works by Oersted, Ampere and Faraday
Before 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Oersted succeeded and proved experimentally for the first time, electrical and magnetic phenomena and maturation. According to the time for the demonstration on the conductor through the current, it was obtained by connecting a km of volts to the pole, more whitened than the needle on the compass was deflected.
Figure 20. Hans Oersted
Subsequently, studies have been successfully and experimentally proven to show magnetic properties in platinum, gold, silver, messing, tin, and iron when switched to electric current. Yersted crawled through various materials behind the screen, but the arrow continued and deflected. Osventova, do not reject this one, once the teachings of the installation of the conductor, without interrupting the current, in a vertical position.
Figure 21. Experiment on Örsted with a needle on a compass
Vyz based on the discovery of Oersted, frenskiat by André Marie Ampère prez 1821, he has worked out a rule that describes the effect on a magnetic field. For another reason, the theorem is called Ampère. Teachings have successfully combined electricity and magnetism into a single theory behind electromagnetism. That establish, che vrazkata between the magnetic field and electricity is not all observable with static electricity.
Prez 1822, studies revealed the presence of a magnetic effect in the solenoid, which was contrary to the electrical current.
Figure 22. André Ampère
The German physicist Georg Om succeeded and discovered the difference between resistance to electric chains, strength to current and voltage prez 1826. Tova had a huge impact on the development of science and in our time, the catho law on Om is known.
Figure 23. Georg Ohm
Before 1830, the German scientist Karl Gaus formulated the basic theorem on the theory of the electrostatic field.
English physicist Michael Faraday became the founder of the theory of the electromagnetic field. Prez 1831, that electromagnetic induction was curved - an electric current appeared in a closed conductor when it was switched to a magnetic flux, which somehow interrupted it.
Vz is the basis for his own discovery of the teachings of creating an electric generator and an electric motor. That is the idea that the electric forces carry from atomite to matter.
Figure 24. Michael Faraday
Ruskata physicist Emilia Lenz is rightly crumpled for one from the founder of the electrical engineering. Prez 1834, the discovery of the law for induction, which determines the inductive current - "Rule for Lenz".Such teachings formulate the law, which determines the amount of fuel, separated from the conductor, when the current flows badly, and the principle of reversibility on electric machines.
Figure 25. Emily Lenz
Bring on Maxwell
There are two different views on the occurrence of electrical and magnetic phenomena in the scientific world.
It is better to study the concept of support for action at long distances, sometimes the electromagnetic force is similar to the force on the gravitational attraction. Michael Faraday came up with an idea for power lines, connecting positive and negative charges.
British physicist James Maxwell managed to solve the problem for the protection of mathematical theory, considering the concept of force lines and action on long distances. Toy izveda equation, controlling the interaction on the charge and current prez 1873
Once you get the equation, it is established that the electric field, changing it for some time, leads to the appearance of a magnetic field. Lastly, from your own country, drive to appear on the electric field. As a result, on the interaction in space, then the electromagnetic field propagates the co-velocity to the light.
Figure 26. James Clark Maxwell
Distribution and formation of electrical engineering in the region in the 19th - early 20th century
The introduction to electrical engineering was preceded by a historical discovery in the field of electrodynamics and electromagnetic induction. Gradually se formiry tseliyat arsenal of methods for calculating the electrical circuits with direct current.
Limit the possibilities for toplinnite engines, veche will not dissuade you from increasing the needs of the industry. The outcome of the Tazi crisis is more intended through the use of electric vehicles.It is possible for them to send a revolution to industrial production in a few decades.
The period from 1821 to 1834 was a pioneer in the development of electrical motors. That beshe is closely related to the development of Faraday devices, which demonstrates the possibility of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
This stage is repeated over the period from 1834 to 1860. According to the time, electric motors appeared from the outset of the pole armature. Created in 1834 by the Russian inventor Boris Jacobi, the device of this invention was introduced into the world of an electric motor, in which the shaft of the severti worked. Predishne projects assuming self-oscillatory or reciprocating-progressive movement on the armature.
Figure 27. Engine on Jacobi
The design for this DC motor assumes the presence of two groups of electromagnets. Move the electromagnet (3) by mounting on the rotor (2), stationary - on the stator (1). I learned about the polarity with the help of the switch (4). Walt (5) se vartesh with 40 rpm. The power per motor is 15 W. It is protected from direct current from a galvanic battery (6).
The third stage in the development of the electric motor, including the period from 1860 to 1887. According to the time, projects have been developed for motors with wall-like implicit pole fittings and constant torque.
Prez 1888 Nikola Tesla, scientist and inventor from Serbian origin, receiving a patent for a practical application on a two-phase system with an alternating current and a two-phase electric motor.
Figure 28. Biphasic motor on Tesla
Ruskiyat, a scientist Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, picked up a system for a two-phase current, prez 1889, receiving a patent for an asynchronous motor, working from a three-phase system for transferring current to an exchange.
Figure 29. Triphazen engine Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
A distinctive feature on the tazi system is the need for itself from three conductors for electricity. Prez 1889, the three-phase transformer e was invented and patented by the scientist.
A triphased system can be directed to solve the problem of supplying electricity for a long distance from a small ruin. Prez 1891, according to international time, the exercise built a 170 km electric pipeline. Tova beche record distance for tova time.
Get electric uredi
Presented in 1872, Alexander Lodigin was nominated for a patent for a patent for a lamp with a pressurized flask from a vuglerod and received the award in 1874.
Figure 30. Lodigin's lamp 
Figure 31. Lodigin Alexander Nikolaevich
Takiva lampi se used for the first time during electric lighting on the Liteini Bridge in St. Petersburg prez 1879
Figure 32. St. Petersburg, electric lighting on Liteiniya Most
For the sake of a high price and a small amount of light, instead of a lamp with a lit lamp, I use Yablochkov candles. Russian scientist Pavel Yablochkov received a patent for his invention in 1876 in Paris.
Figure 33. Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich 
Figure 34. Apple light
Instead of a lit zhichka, which is the source of light in it, there is an electric arc, which burns out between two holes. Jump on the separation barrier with an insulating barrier, and burn away the fixed tank of zhitsa.
When the conductor is turned on, the fire is out of the blue and everything is sunk. The light is now uniform and bright light for 1.5 hours. For yes, this support is spent on the duty, not all the tax is used on the mechanical regulators.
In a way, Yablochkov, pick up a design for the light and manage to get rid of the main drawback - it’s impossible to turn it on again.For yes, send tova, that is back, and adding salt from various metals to the insulating material, thanksgiving for some time, and exchange the nuance for a dgata.
For the sake of simplicity, the design, light Yablochkov imache at a lower price and more convenient for using a lamp with a hot plug. Illuminating the bodies with candles from Yablochkov byah installed first in Paris, next to London, and possibly in other cities around the world.
When did you appear in kashchita and kade
Ideas behind the transition from gas and kerosene to electric lighting took over the area in the 19th century. According to the time of the American, sa parvite, which will be applied.
Presented in 1879, Edison demonstrated an electrical system for lighting, which included a lamp with a pressurized plug with a screw base, a socket, a socket and a plug, a pre-switch, a pre-positioner and an electric meter. Prez 1906 Edison ground and lamp with tungsten niche.
Prez 1882 in New York, the Pearl Street Electricity Central was opened, where electricity was generated from a dynamo pole. Electricity is more widely used for lighting over an area of 2.5 km2 in New York.
Even in the region in the 19th century, electrically domakinsky uredi appeared in sales: a kettle, a coffee maker, an electric drill, an electric stove, a domakinsky refrigerator, a fan, etc.
Power development in Russia and GOELRO
The distribution of electricity in Russia has been further improved from the creation of the Special Department at Ruskoto Technical Friendship. You include your teachings Yablochkov, Lodigin and Chikolev.
With the efforts of the community, electric lighting was organized on the streets in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, the Bolshoy Theater and the Mikhailovskaya Manege were illuminated with a lamp.Moscow osiguri electric lighting for the area in front of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
For the sake of a high price and a lip-sat on the power plant nearby, electric lighting is used mainly in the fence industry, shops and public places. In housing, protect yourself from confusion for a row.
Contrary to the fact that in the country there was no reliable support, until 1914 the rate of growth in the use of electricity was much higher. For a pity, the trace of the swelled up on the Purvata of the light war, the pace of the electrification is much weaker, and the trace of the Revolution and the Civil War of the electric power industry has fallen into the fall of decline.
Before 1920, the GOERLO committee was formed to develop a plan for the electrification of the country. Under the chairmanship of Krzhizhanovski, more than 200 souls are included in the work.
The planet was transformed before 1931. The amount of electricity generated is 7 five naked from the pre-revolutionary generation. Broyat on pusnatite in the exploitation of the power plant e 40.
Conclusion
On the mountain, it’s very important to know the stages in the development of that on the use of electricity. Impossible to use history for electricity and save it in one article.
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